Scientists have been exploring the potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, such as liraglutide, to treat conditions beyond type 2 diabetes and obesity, with recent focus on their potential to protect against cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease. GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic, Wegovy, and Zepbound have gained popularity for weight loss assistance, either through off-label use or as FDA-approved medications. Liraglutide, sold as Saxenda and Victoza, has been studied for conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome, heart failure, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and liver fibrosis. Researchers from Imperial College London presented preliminary findings at the Alzheimer’s Association International Conference 2024 indicating that liraglutide may slow cognitive decline in individuals with mild Alzheimer’s disease.
The researchers conducted a phase 2b clinical trial involving 204 participants with mild Alzheimer’s disease at 24 clinics in the U.K. Participants underwent brain imaging and cognitive testing before receiving liraglutide or a placebo for 1 year. Results showed that those taking liraglutide experienced an 18% slower decline in cognitive function compared to the placebo group. The study’s lead author, Paul Edison, emphasized that GLP-1 analogues have the potential to reduce neurodegenerative processes and improve cognitive function in Alzheimer’s patients. The drug’s mechanism of action is believed to involve reducing neuroinflammation, tau formation, insulin resistance, amyloid formation, and neuronal damage.
Participants receiving liraglutide showed almost 50% less brain volume loss, particularly in regions responsible for cognitive functions like memory, attention, and spatial perception. This suggests that GLP-1 drugs may address underlying processes contributing to memory problems in Alzheimer’s disease. While the study’s findings are promising, Edison cautioned that larger studies are needed to confirm the benefits of GLP-1 analogues for Alzheimer’s treatment. Additionally, further research is underway to understand how these drugs affect the brain and develop more targeted medications for Alzheimer’s disease.
Experts like David Merrill, a board-certified geriatric psychiatrist, view GLP-1 agonists as potential tools to combat memory loss in individuals at risk for dementia. These drugs offer multiple benefits for both metabolic health and brain health. Combining medication with healthy lifestyle interventions, such as diet and exercise, could optimize outcomes for Alzheimer’s prevention and treatment. As research progresses, it is essential to assess short- and long-term outcomes of GLP-1 drug use in Alzheimer’s patients to inform comprehensive treatment strategies.
Mir Ali, a board-certified bariatric surgeon, noted the significance of exploring the link between chronic inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting that GLP-1 medications could potentially address this underlying factor. He emphasized the need for further research to elucidate how these drugs impact Alzheimer’s patients and whether their effects are direct or mediated through weight loss and inflammation reduction. With promising developments in GLP-1 drug research, there is growing interest in exploring broader indications and more effective medications to address Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline. Ongoing studies and collaborations across medical disciplines will be crucial in advancing our understanding and treatment options for neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s disease.
