Sarcopenia is a condition that affects many adults as they age, characterized by the progressive loss of muscle mass and strength. It can lead to mobility problems, frailty, and a reduction in independence for older individuals. Approximately 10%-16% of people over the age of 65 worldwide are affected by sarcopenia, with a higher prevalence among those with other conditions such as cancer and diabetes. This natural part of aging results in the average adult losing about 250g of muscle each year between the ages of 30 and 60, with acceleration after the age of 70. The loss of muscle mass can lead to mobility problems, falls, and frailty, ultimately impacting the quality of life of individuals affected.
Recent research, including a study published in Nature Metabolism, has investigated the role of a compound found in coffee and fenugreek, as well as produced in the gut microbiome, in improving energy metabolism in muscle fibers of humans, mice, and worms. The study found that this compound, called trigonelline, can improve muscle function in aging individuals by increasing NAD+ levels in skeletal muscle. NAD+ is a coenzyme important for metabolism and energy homeostasis in cells. Low levels of NAD+ have been associated with skeletal muscle aging and sarcopenia. The researchers found that patients with sarcopenia had lower levels of trigonelline, and treatment with the compound increased NAD+ levels in muscle tissue samples. Worms and older mice treated with trigonelline also experienced improved mitochondrial activity and grip strength.
The findings suggest that trigonelline does not change the structure of muscle fibers but rather enhances mitochondrial activity in the cells. Trigonelline is naturally present in coffee and fenugreek, and dietary fiber and folate intake have been associated with higher levels of trigonelline in the body. The compound can also be produced in the gut due to the actions of the microbiome. The research opens new opportunities for developing food products enriched in trigonelline to promote muscle health and potentially improve overall health and longevity. The study focused on male subjects for practical reasons, but the conclusions are likely applicable to both men and women. The research also indicates that maintaining NAD+ levels in organs during aging could have additional health benefits beyond improving muscle function.
