Spain is close to setting a new historical record for irregular migrant entries, with 62,054 migrants arriving as of December 26th, almost equaling the highest number of 64,298 in 2018. Despite nearing this record, there is a sense of relief in the control rooms monitoring Spanish borders. Predictions were dire, but the situation has been contained, with only a 14% increase in arrivals by the end of the year. Concerns about immigration were fueled by the crisis of unaccompanied minors in the Canary Islands and catastrophic messaging from the right-wing parties. However, the actual numbers were lower than feared, with successful containment efforts and adverse weather conditions contributing to a slower than expected rise in arrivals.
Throughout the summer, immigration was a top concern for Spaniards, exacerbated by the unresolved crisis of overcrowded unaccompanied minors in the Canary Islands and alarmist messages from right-wing politicians. Predictions of up to 70,000 more arrivals by the end of the year were circulated, leading to fears of chaos. However, Frontex, the EU’s border agency, revised these estimates downward, and the actual arrivals have been more manageable. The route to the Canary Islands has seen a significant increase in arrivals, with efforts from countries like Morocco, Mauritania, and Senegal helping to deter potential migrants. The year closes with an 18% increase in arrivals on the islands compared to previous months.
Mauritania plays a crucial role in the migrant route to the Canary Islands, with a majority of boats departing from its shores. The difficult living conditions and poverty levels in Mauritania drive many to risk the dangerous sea journey. Malians, historically the main nationality among arrivals in Spain, continue to make up a significant portion of migrants, with an increasing number of Asians, particularly from Pakistan and Bangladesh, joining the route. Networks trafficking migrants have expanded to include diverse nationalities, with different prices charged based on nationality and perceived ability to pay.
The concerning increase in arrivals in the Balearic Islands has highlighted a reactivated route from Algeria, where the demographics of migrants have shifted to include more Malians and even Somalis. This change is significant as Algeria has traditionally been strict in controlling sub-Saharan immigration. The increase in departures from new and more remote locations in Algeria suggests changes in the dynamics of migrant flows, which authorities are monitoring closely. Frontex reports a shift in departure points and a rise in migrants originating from eastern regions to avoid detection.
The challenges posed by irregular migration are not unique to Spain, as other Mediterranean countries like Italy and Greece also face high numbers of arrivals. Despite increased repression and attempts to control borders, migrant flows continue to shift, with alternate routes opening up. The need for more comprehensive and coordinated policies at both national and European levels is emphasized, with a focus on regularizing immigration pathways to ensure a more humane and sustainable approach. The tragic toll of migrant deaths at sea remains a sobering reminder of the risks involved in irregular migration, underscoring the urgency of addressing the root causes driving people to take such perilous journeys.
