Francis Scott Key witnessed the relentless bombardment of Fort McHenry during the War of 1812 on September 14, 1814. Despite the intense attack from the British forces, the American flag still stood proud by the dawn’s early light. Inspired by this sight, Key penned what would become the national anthem of the United States, “The Star-Spangled Banner.” The poem expressed Key’s patriotic fervor and admiration for the resilience of his fellow Americans in the face of despair and possible defeat.
Following the destruction of Washington, D.C., just three weeks prior, Key was certain that Fort McHenry would not withstand the vigorous British assault. The British bombarded the fort from bomb ships out of range, overwhelming the American defenses. Key vividly described the scene as “mother earth … was vomiting shot and shell in a sheet of fire and brimstone.” However, the fort’s survival and the nation’s refusal to surrender fueled Key’s profound patriotic response, captured in his poem.
Key’s brother-in-law shared his poem, originally titled “Defence of Fort M’Henry,” which was later published in the Baltimore Patriot newspaper. Renamed “The Star-Spangled Banner,” the poem quickly gained popularity and was printed across the country, immortalizing Key’s words and forever linking them to the flag it celebrated. Eventually, it became the national anthem of the United States in 1931. The actual flag that flew over Fort McHenry during the battle, known as the Great Garrison Flag, now resides at the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.
The flag that flew over Fort McHenry was a giant one measuring 42 feet by 30 feet with 15 stars and 15 stripes, following the tradition of adding a star and a stripe for each new state. Maj. George Armistead, the fort’s commander, commissioned the flag from widow Mary Pickersgill, who, along with other women, labored for weeks to create the immense banner. The state of Maryland commemorates the defense of Fort McHenry with Defenders Day each September 12, paying tribute to the bravery and resilience displayed during the battle.
Fort McHenry holds a special place in American history as a national monument and historic shrine, symbolizing the courage and determination of the defenders during the War of 1812. The site honors the memory of those who fought to protect their homeland and preserve its freedom. Through the story of the Star-Spangled Banner and the flag that inspired its creation, Americans continue to reflect on the values of unity, patriotism, and resilience that define the nation’s spirit. Defenders Day serves as a reminder of the sacrifices made to safeguard liberty and uphold the principles of the United States.
